Integrating Indigenous knowledge into biosecurity: Addressing the threat of rapid Ōhi’a death (ROD) to ecosystems in Aotearoa New Zealand and the Pacific

In Hawaii, rapid ‘ōhiʻa death (ROD), caused by the fungal pathogens Ceratocystis lukuohia and C. huliohia, is killing ‘ōhiʻa lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha), a key species in the ecosystem. If introduced to Aotearoa New Zealand or the South Pacific, these pathogens could threaten Metrosideros species and other plants. Ceratocystis species are emerging as invasive pathogens capable of adapting to new regions and attacking diverse plant species, posing a significant biosecurity risk to the region. Our research investigates the potential impact of ROD on ecosystems and taonga plants, focusing on pathways for its spread in Aotearoa New Zealand and the Pacific. Integrating local Indigenous knowledge (from Hawaii, Aotearoa New Zealand and the broader Pacific) with modern science is important for developing effective strategies to address emerging biosecurity threats. We use scientific methods and kaupapa Māori methodologies, incorporating Indigenous values into fieldwork, such as seed collection and insect trapping. Drawing from Hawaii's ROD crisis and management, we support consultation with experts (including scientists, biosecurity officials and Indigenous leaders) through wānanga (workshops) to gather insights. This ensures that Indigenous knowledge is embedded in surveillance, readiness and response strategies. The research stresses the need for Pacific-wide collaboration in early detection, prevention and community involvement to protect Metrosideros species and native ecosystems. Findings so far indicate that Aotearoa New Zealand’s native Metrosideros species may be vulnerable to ROD and that local Indigenous communities play a critical role in biosecurity through monitoring and community-based management. This ongoing study advocates for greater inclusion of Indigenous knowledge in biosecurity decision-making and regional collaboration across the South Pacific to protect biodiversity and cultural heritage. Research on the health of Metrosideros species and other vulnerable plants, along with identification of emerging threats in the South Pacific, will support biosecurity efforts and regional cooperation.

Also included in the Pacific Week of Agriculture and Forestry in Nukualofa, Tonga on 26–30 May 2025