Resistance to the herbicides haloxyfop and iodosulfuron is common in commercial ryegrass (<i>Lolium</i>) seed lines

<p dir="ltr"><b>Background</b>: Ryegrass (<i>Lolium</i> spp.) is a key forage providing a $14 billion contribution to New Zealand's gross domestic product (GDP). However, ryegrass can also act as a weed and evolve resistance to herbicides used for its control. Farmers suspected that imported seed might contribute to resistance issues. Herbicide resistance frequencies were investigated in commercial ryegrass seed lines intended for multiplication in New Zealand. Samples from 56 basic seed lots and 52 unique cultivars sourced from regions including New Zealand, United States, Europe and Japan were planted in field trials. Seedlings were then sprayed with three common herbicides: glyphosate, iodosulfuron, and haloxyfop. Surviving plants were retested to confirm resistance.</p><p dir="ltr"><b>Results</b>: Resistance to haloxyfop and or iodosulfuron was detected in 79% of seed lines. However, frequencies were not significantly higher in imported lines (from United States and Europe) compared with New Zealand lines. Resistance was detected at frequencies between 0.00112% and 10% for haloxyfop and between 0.00212% and 14.28% for iodosulfuron Resistance to glyphosate was not found. There was no significant difference between the resistance detected in seed samples sourced from different seed companies.</p><p dir="ltr"><b>Conclusions</b>: It was found that 63% of resistant lines had resistance frequencies rarer than 0.1%, but this is potentially problematic considering typical sowing rates. Imported <i>versus</i> domestic seed sources were not significantly different; they pose similar levels of resistance risk to farmers. <i>Lolium multiflorum</i> had a higher resistance frequency compared to <i>Lolium perenne</i> (although only six <i>L. multiflorum</i> lots were evaluated). Breeders should screen progeny of early crosses for herbicide resistance. </p>