Off-paddock facilities may be used to accommodate cows periodically during spring and autumn with the intention of protecting wet soils from treading damage (spring) and reducing nitrogen leaching losses (autumn). Strategies aimed at reducing the time cows spend grazing pastures in spring and autumn (referred to as duration-controlled grazing; DCG) have been investigated as part of the P21 programme of research conducted at Telford Dairy Farm, South Otago.