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From natural xanthones to synthetic C-1 aminated 3,4-dioxygenated xanthones as optimized antifouling agents

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posted on 2023-05-03, 21:21 authored by Diana Resende, Joana Almeida, Sandra Pereira, Alexandre Campos, Agostinho Lemos, Jeffrey Plowman, Ancy ThomasAncy Thomas, Stefan ClerensStefan Clerens, Vitor Vasconcelos, Madalena Pinto, Marta Correia-da-Silva, Emilia Sousa
Biofouling, which occurs when certain marine species attach and accumulate in artificial submerged structures, represents a serious economic and environmental issue worldwide. The discovery of new non-toxic and eco-friendly antifouling systems to control or prevent biofouling is, therefore, a practical and urgent need. In this work, the antifouling activity of a series of 24 xanthones, with chemical similarities to natural products, was exploited. Nine (1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 16, 19, 21, and 23) of the tested xanthones presented highly significant anti-settlement responses at 50 μM against the settlement of mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis larvae and low toxicity to this macrofouling species. Xanthones 21 and 23 emerged as the most effective larval settlement inhibitors (EC50 = 7.28 and 3.57 µM, respectively). Additionally, xanthone 23 exhibited a therapeutic ratio (LC50/EC50) > 15, as required by the US Navy program attesting its suitability as natural antifouling agents. From the nine tested xanthones, none of the compounds were found to significantly inhibit the growth of the marine biofilm-forming bacterial strains tested. Xanthones 4, 6, 8, 16, 19, 21, and 23 were found to be non-toxic to the marine non-target species Artemia salina (<10% mortality at 50 μM). Insights on the antifouling mode of action of the hit xanthones 21 and 23 suggest that these two compounds affected similar molecular targets and cellular processes in mussel larvae, including that related to mussel adhesion capacity. This work exposes for the first time the relevance of C-1 aminated xanthones with a 3,4-dioxygenated pattern of substitution as new non-toxic products to prevent marine biofouling.

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Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/).

Language

  • English

Does this contain Māori information or data?

  • No

Publisher

MDPI

Journal title

Marine Drugs

ISSN

1660-3397

Citation

Resende, D. I. S. P., Almeida, J. R., Pereira, S., Campos, A., Lemos, A., Plowman, J. E., Thomas, A., Clerens, S., Vasconcelos, V., Pinto, M., Correia-da-Silva, M., & Sousa, E. (2021). From natural xanthones to synthetic C-1 aminated 3,4-dioxygenated xanthones as optimized antifouling agents. Marine Drugs, 19(11), 638. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19110638

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