Effective modeling for Integrated Water Resource Management: a guide to contextual practices by phases and steps and future opportunities

Environmental systems are complex, dynamic and fraught with uncertainty. Models can help to understand such systems and a good modelling process can yield insights and/or predictions that, though approximate, can be useful for management and decision-making. This paper identifies and overviews considerations and actions that facilitate effective development and use of models in integrated water resource management (IWRM). There are four general phases in the modelling process: Planning, Development, Application, and Perpetuation. Within each phase are multiple tasks that must be performed, referred to as steps. Guidance is proposed that is approached from a not too-technical point of view, and is especially intended for non-modellers and those new to the area of IWRM. It emphasises stakeholder participation and explicitly recognises that the IWRM process undertaken depends on contextual factors. The framework highlights the multiple uses for models, including opportunities for facilitating common understanding and social learning. Although presented in the context of IWRM, the steps are relevant to any modelling project, particularly those where the model is to assist decision making for a contentious complex policy issue.