Assessing the leaching of cadmium in an irrigated and grazed pasture soil

To decrease topsoil cadmium (Cd) concentrations we need to make inputs < outputs. Phosphorus fertiliser is the main input of Cd and leaching the main loss of Cd. Cd leaching losses were between 1.1 and 1.8 g ha over 67 years of increasing irrigation. Topsoil Cd concentration may plateau if P fertiliser is applied <22.5 kg ha/yr and contains <72 mg Cd kg/P.